Dracula As The Anti-Christ Essays - English-language Films, Dracula

Dracula As The Anti-Christ Dracula as the Anti-Christ Against Christianity is a significant reoccurring topic all through Bram Stoker's Dracula. The tale depicts Anti-Christian qualities and convictions, through one of its characters. Dracula one of the fundamental characters in the novel is utilized to assume the attributes of the Anti-Christ. Stoker utilizes numerous convictions from the Christian religion to show various measures of Anti-Christian qualities, odd convictions of the insurance towards abhorrent, and to thoroughly analyze the forces of God with those of Dracula. It is a subject that is utilized all through the whole book. There are numerous ways that Bram Stoker's character Dracula can be viewed as the Anti-Christ, for the most part in light of the appearing of Anti-Christian qualities and maltreatment of the Christian religion. In part one as Jonathan Harker is venturing out to Castle Dracula he is met by a few people who give him a cross when he reveals to them where he is going. One notion is that a rosary will shield you from all insidious, and in this novel the underhandedness is Dracula. This rosary ensures him when Jonathan cuts himself shaving the following day and Dracula rushes for his throat, however stops when he sees the cross around Jonathan's neck. Later in the book it talks about how you can protect yourself from Dracula and different vampires by the ownership of a cross or basically any sanctified thing from the Christian religion can be utilized to spare you from the assault or nearness of a vampire. Another case of one of the odd demonstrations is later in the book when Van Helsing utilizes a Host to keep Dracula from entering his casket or when he makes a ?Holy Circle? with the Hosts to keep vampires out and to guard Mina. These are models in which a few types of Christian convictions are utilized to forestall the assault of Dracula. Dracula has a few powers that the Christian's accept nobody yet God could control. For example, Dracula can control the climate, wild, or messy creatures, he can change structure, and has the intensity of sorcery. Christians accept that expending God's body and blood will give them everlasting existence with God in paradise, Dracula is remaining undead, or nosferatu, by devouring the blood of the living to endure and to assemble his quality. By this, Dracula is depending on people to reestablish his post-existence and not focusing on God as the wellspring of life. It is said that you should give God access to your heart, Dracula may not enter somebody's home except if they let him in. God is alluded to in the Bible similar to the light, which represents joy or life. Dracula's forces are restricted during the light and his forces are more grounded in the night, during haziness, which represents malicious. Dracula moves to an old relinquished Church not utilized any longer which can sh ow that God is not, at this point present which would achieve Dracula's motivation of spreading malicious. Dracula is additionally depicted as the Anti-Christ by having similitudes with Jesus yet in abhorrent manners. As Dracula benefits from the blood of the living he makes devotees as Jesus had supporters. All through the book a few times, ordinarily while Reinfield (one of his devotees or ?supporters?) is talking, when Dracula is alluded to the pronoun is promoted, as Christians would do when alluding to God. Reinfield sees Dracula as god-like and all-amazing, he likewise alludes to him as his lord. All through the novel, Bram Stoker utilizes numerous scriptural references to show the god-like way of Dracula, for example, ?the blood is the life? said by Reinfield and when Renfield cites Enoch. Renfield needs to stroll close by as Enoch strolled close by. At the point when the include is vanquished at long last, he becomes dust. This is significant in light of the fact that transforming into dust speaks to Christian opportunity in death and liberates him from his detestable ways. Bram Stoker's Dracula underlines job of Christianity against Dracula's Anti-Christian nearness. Dracula himself is a satanic figure, both in appearance and in conduct, and could be viewed as the Anti-Christ. From numerous points of view Dracula is spoken to as the exemplification of fiendishness. At long last, he is crushed by sacredness. Dracula utilizes numerous scriptural references and shows a genuine likeness between

Anthropology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human studies - Assignment Example Different districts have their own imperiled species for which the emergency predominantly applies, yet in most broad definitions, it is utilized to allude to the slaughtering of the incredible gorillas and different primates (Jurmain 129). Potential answers for this issue incorporate expanded preservation quantifies in the parks and untamed life reservations. Moreover, dips could be made in hotspots and those captured be given weighty fines and long sentences to hinder the training. The two people and primates are social creatures, and this implies they exist in social settings and not in singular presence. This quality exists between the two gatherings, and however it’s for safeguard, it likewise helps in understanding a type of various leveled structure. Moreover, the two primates and people reliably groom one another, as a type of social conduct that bonds them together (Jurmain 160). This is particularly because of the likeness in forelimbs, which empower the two people and primates utilize their fingers for preparing purposes. In addition, the two primates and people acknowledge territoriality and any two given groups need to regard the territoriality of one another. Additionally, the two people and primates have a feeling of correspondence, which is a conduct characteristic that helps with keeping up the social structure of the gatherings. Primates have culture, and this is as characterized by their conduct that is perceptible from different environmental and developmental points of view. Shreeve (1991) delineates the different likenesses that can be drawn from the conduct of primates and people, and much of the time, the proof of a culture is effectively observable since both have one developmental foundation. One obvious portrayal of culture is the moderately propelled part of trickery, which is a significant endurance strategy for primates. It is so very much propelled that it is one of the most broadly utilized components in nature. The social idea of primates requires the requirement for some culture, since there will undoubtedly expanded degrees of

Financial Aid Essay Sample: Choosing Psychology or Credit Classes

Financial Aid Essay Sample: Choosing Psychology or Credit ClassesIf you are seeking or applying for financial aid, you need to write an essay that will prove to the admissions office of your school that you are a worthy applicant. Fortunately, you have several important choices when it comes to what type of essay you should use to demonstrate your ability to pay for college. These choices include taking psychology classes or applying for scholarships.I have been asked by many people why they should opt for a psychology course over taking college grants. Psychology has some benefits. For example, most psychology classes cover the psychological aspects of personality and behavior, and how these relate to all sorts of situations. This makes it a great choice if you are not very good at applying the natural sciences of learning to real life situations.On the other hand, you may want to choose a more traditional route in applying for financial aid application essays, such as using scholar ships as your main application method. But, is this really an option?Psychological studies can be very challenging. They involve a lot of time and effort and require a good grasp of the subject matter. Many students do not think that these types of students are truly ready to enter college, so choosing psychology as your main source of essay samples may be the right move.Taking a psychology class also allows you to write a short essay that will contain fewer technical terms and complex theories. It can help the admissions officers of your school to see that you are familiar with the topic and that you understand the content of the class, but most importantly, it will make your college application essay look professional.Unfortunately, choosing to take one of the top grades in your psychology class as your college financial aid essays is not a good choice. You will find that your chances of being accepted for college are very low if you do this. The reason is that the admissions offi cers are looking for someone who is a better writer than you are.I often give students who get the top grades in their psychology class the option of writing a standard essay that I provide them. However, in the long run, I would rather give them the opportunity to use financial aid essay samples to show that they are able to apply the principles of the natural sciences of learning to real life situations.At the end of the day, choose either a psychology class or credit courses that deal with the study of personality and behavior. At the end of the day, this is what will show the admissions office that you are a real student and that you have a real interest in studying psychology.

Geologic Processes

Basic Conditions of the Employment Act in South Africa Essay

ïÆ'Ëœ BASIC CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT ACT The basic conditions of employment act helps regulate and set out the rights and duties of both parties involved. The act helps make sure employers meet the basic standards of employment in terms of working hours, leave, and remuneration, leave and dispute resolution. The BCEA applies to all employers and employees except for members of the South African national defence force, national intelligence agency, South African secret service, unpaid volunteers and persons employed at sea. WORKING HOURS †¢ It is generally expected for employees to work 45 hours a week, the conditions for working hours must be agreed upon. †¢ Max of 9 hours in a five-day working week †¢ Max of 8 hours in a 6 or 7 day working week†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The acts and policies that were changed and amended in the world of work specifically to strike a balance between blacks and whites within the working environments include the Broad Based Economic empowerment and affirmative action. These acts were mainly based at giving first preference to people of colour or previously disadvantaged groups in order to correct and compensate for past inequalities. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION †¢ Affirmative action was put in place to ensure that suitably qualified employees from previously disadvantaged groups have equal opportunities in all occupations and levels in a workforce. †¢ Affirmative measures include identifying and getting rid of barriers that impact designated groups, promoting diversity, accommodating people from designated groups in the workplace, development and training of designated groups †¢ BROAD BASED BLACK ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT BEE is a broad approach to de-racialise the country’s economy and the fast tracking of previously disadvantaged groups into the South African business market. BEE is a process that needs all economic sectors in South Africa to work together. Each economic sector is responsible for a charter that describes their current working environment and are required for fulfilling BBBEE. BEE aims to do the following: †¢ Increasing the number of black owned enterprises †¢ The development of human resource and skills in previously disadvantaged communities †¢ Achieving equalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is commonly referred to as a global village (Egnatz, 2011). South Africa is integrated highly into the world economy. South Africa is the strongest African economy and has attained positions like being a member of G8 .All these are as a result of globalization. Globalization has had an impact on the economy, the government and social nature resulting to some effects. The paper will look at how globalization has affected South Africa under several categories. It will also give an explanation onRead MoreYouth Unemployment in South Africa1611 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Africa aches with a chronic case of youth unemployment. The condition is appalling and the youth are on edge. Government has established numerous policies or interventions to tackle the problem and create employment. However each policy discussion to address this issue has encountered firm oppositions from various stakeholders. For example, one of South Africa’s leading trade union’s strongly opposed the Employment Tax Incentive (ETI) or Youth Wage Subsidy proposed by government. This essayRead MoreChallenges Faced by Trade Unions1442 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Black labour unions in south Africa are of great value to policy makers who recognize that the industrial work force has often served as a catalyst for political progress and social change in the developing world. 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This country has been infamously plagued by apartheid, an inhumane policy of segregation based on grounds of race, which also had economic consequences as trade sanctions were established in 1986 by the United States in response to South Africa’s policy of apartheid. However, apartheid ended in the 1990s and the South AfricanRead MoreThe Four Main Economic Systems and Their Application in South Africa1426 Words   |  6 Pageswill the production take place? Economic systems don’t always work accordingly but often so vast and complicated but on the contrast its working out just so marvellously. The four main economic systems are: Traditional, Command, Market and Mixed South Africa has come a long way since the days of apartheid, from being a country living within sanctions to evolving to a mixed economy. It has become too diverse that citizens are liberated into certain economic activities of their choice. Everyone is entitledRead MoreTo what extent is reducing the number of people living in absolute poverty sufficient to achieve economic growth and development?1222 Words   |  5 Pagespoverty sufficient to achieve economic growth and development? Absolute poverty measures the number of people living below a certain income threshold or the number of households unable to afford certain basic goods and services. Much of the poverty in developing countries, such as South Africa, tends to be absolute poverty. Economic growth can be defined as steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy. Short term growth is measured by the annual percentage change in real national outputRead MoreWhat ´s Occupational Environment?2392 Words   |  10 Pagessetting (United States Office of Personnel Management, 2006). The South African labour environment and workplace has undergone a wide range of transformation since apartheid laws until the successful implementation of employment equity policies. In order to understand the full impact of change in the work and occupational environment, the history of the South African history, the industrial revolution as well as the change in South African labour legislation were explored. Several factor have anRead MoreSample Resume : Employment Contract2186 Words   |  9 PagesAddressed to: Teachers at St Alex Topic: Employment in South Africa Employment contract: See appendix A According to Small business Encyclopedia, an employment contract is â€Å"an agreement entered into between an employer and an employee at the time the employee is hired that outlines the exact nature of their business relationship, specifically what compensation the employee will receive in exchange for specific work performed. First, the advantages. An employment contract can help you attract and retain

How Martin Luther King would have Viewed Comments about...

If Martin Luther King Jr. was still alive today, he would not agree with a lot of social justice issues of our present times. Martin Luther King would be proud of how far we have come from his time and day. Mr. King was a man of peaceful dealings and longed for interracial equality. He had great moral standards and was an incredible hero of the nineteenth century. Recently in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, there have been many controversial things said and done that Mr. King would have frowned upon; for example, the speech given by the mayor of New Orleans, Ray Nagin, at a celebration of Martin Luther King day in New Orleans on January 16, 2006. The mayor said many controversial remarks which seemed to be extremely racist in†¦show more content†¦In his speech he pointed out some irony of the cause for the war and the state at which America was living in at this time. Mr. King said, We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending t hem eight-thousand miles away to guarantee liberties to Southeast Asia which they had not found in Southwest Georgia and East Harlem and so we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on television screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. Since hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans on August 29, 2005, there have been many relief efforts and many donations to aid its victims. The people of New Orleans are still not as a whole completely satisfied with what has been done to help them. In New Orleans on January 16, 2006, there was a celebration in remembrance of Martin Luther King Jr., and on this day the mayor of New Orleans, Ray Nagin, gave an extremely controversial speech to the public that might have very well ended his career in politics for good. The mayor gave his speech to talk about the rebuilding of New Orleans. In his speech he referred to New Orleans as the Chocolate City. He used this metaphor repeatedly and proclaimed New Orleans would be chocolate again. Other parts of the speech were controversial as well especially to New Orleanians; Nagin said I do not care what people are saying uptown orShow MoreRelatedCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words   |  93 Pagesnot at all sure how to do so. Perhaps de scribing the situation to his fellow peer mentors in his second-year elective class on managing teams would draw out some good ideas. In his mind, Marshall could hear himself explain the story: Let me first describe the team members. Essentially, they were all around 26 years of age, athletic, and had professional backgrounds in finance or economics. I’ll start with Tom Giffen, who was a self-professed introvert and who was passionate about the Chicago CubsRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages(alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340334-2 (alk. paper) 1. Project management. 2. Time management. 3. Risk management. I. Gray, Clifford F. II. Gray, Clifford F. Project management. III. Title. HD69.P75G72 2011 658.4904—dc22 2009054318 www.mhhe.com About the Authors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadershipRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesUnderstanding Cultural Environments 4 The Changing World of Technology What Is a Knowledge Worker? 6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying Employees Market Value 8 Communications 8 Decentralized Work Sites 8 Skill Levels 8 A Legal Concern 8 Employee Involvement 20 How Organizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM ChallengesRead MoreErp Sap Research Paper46896 Words   |  188 PagesPRENTICE HALL MA NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TITLES MIS: Brown/DeHayes/Hoffer /Martin/Perkins, Managing Information Technology 6/e  © 2009 JessuplValacich, Information Systems Today 31e  © 2008 Kr oenke, Using MIS 21e  © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS  © 2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e  © 2009 Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource  © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology  © 2005 McKeen/Smith

Analysis on Movie Water free essay sample

In my opinion, Deepa Mehta is a courageous and bold director to produce a movie ‘Water’ which is intended to affront the tradition and living style of Indians back then. She displays how every character brings up almost perfectly similar kind of stance which is because of the doctrine and beliefs that have been set in their minds for a long period of time. The practice inherited from one generation to another generation which later becomes the tradition of Indian community. I could see how every widow refuses and rebuffs changes; which they are forbidden to marry again as a result of believing in they themselves bring unluckiness or bad luck to others. In fact, other women either married or not, they will never want to touch or to be touched by any of the widows, or else they will also turn to be bad luck. I could never help myself to understand the solid reasons for this kind of attitude, but to only believe in them (the Indians) are brought up with religious beliefs though it merely looks as women oppression. Reema (2009) documented this fact on her blog; in chapter 5, verse 1560-1611 of Dharamshastras, the Hindu sacred texts, Manu wrote: ‘A widow should be long suffering until death, self-restrained and chaste. ’ ‘A virtuous wife who remains chaste when her husband has died goes to heaven. ’ ‘A woman who is unfaithful to her husband is reborn in the womb of a jackal. ’ Based on the verses above, it is indeed, Indian women are too much looking up on what Indian text contains. Nevertheless, I find this very contradicting to one another. The widows keep saying that they fear God; unfortunately, their action is not more than making them imprisoned in a small cage that will never enable them to see and view things in bigger scope. Why can’t just they accept changes that could possibly lead them to a better life? This is because putting blames on God is a mere blasphemy. As a matter of fact, I personally do not know what Indian religious text teaches, and not knowing those facts only makes it harder to reveal the truth. However, I suppose, every religion on this earth will always teach its believers to not bring their own self down. Therefore, there are few questions that we need to ponder; if women are born only to be oppressed, insulted and even to be buried alive in some cases, what is God’s ultimate objective of creating this gender in the first place? If we believe in God’s power, why must we blame widows for their husbands’ death? If only we could have empathy feeling, what and how would we feel and react if we are in the widows’ shoes? And, will married men receive the same fate if their wives are dead? For all of these questions, I think, what Deepa does, makes me nods my head. Apparently, Narayan is created to become a hero of this film though Deepa inserts a situational irony towards the end of the film. The situational irony is depicted clearly when Narayan’s father tells him that he is not a hero of the epic play, who is ready to wage war for love. I am delighted to see how Narayan inherits his father’s liberal thinking in much more positive way compared to his father himself. It is really a symbol of respect and appreciation to Indian widows in this film when he proposes Kalyani to be his wife. In fact, to fall in love with widow has already shown respect. At least, he knows how to value God’s creatures without having to offend God’s laws. Somehow I feel that Asians, generally, also have similar kind of attitudes; too much preserve the tradition and sometimes disguise as tradition or beliefs. In order to support this view, I quote Narayan’s saying which can be found towards the end of the movie; â€Å"One less mouth to feed. Four saris saved. Disguise as religions, it’s all about money. † Perhaps, it is Asians’ attitude to put the blames on other factor when they themselves who cause the troubles. In this movie, the Indian women make a scapegoat of their religions instead of admitting that their faith is too strong to be amended up to the point they cannot realize that their practices never benefit them. Changes can be made at any time as long as it is for the sake of our happiness. However, how can Indian women in this movie pursuit their happiness when they think they are deemed to suffer after their husbands’ death as a symbol of devotion to husband? Frederick and Mary (2012) documented on their blogs regarding Deepa’s response upon the significance of water in this movie. Deepa said, â€Å"Water can flow or water can be stagnant. I set the film in the 1930s but the people in the film live their lives as it was prescribed by a religious text more than 2000 years old. Even today, people follow these texts, which is one reason why there continue to be millions of widows. To me, that is a kind of stagnant water. I think traditions should not be that rigid. They should flow like replenishing kind of water. † I personally agree that traditions should not be rigid. It can be changed as long as we never forsake our solid ground, forgetting of who we are and where we are from. We are born to seek and to create a better life, guided by religions to ensure that we do not go astray. If accepting changes are simply called defiance, what should women oppression be called? I am clueless. On the other hand, I understand that water is the element of purity in this movie. It is shown that all Indians come to the bank of Ganges River to clean their bodies from sins or bad luck in particular. Similarly, in Islam, Muslims need to take wudhu’ before performing prayers. This wudhu’ aims to ensure that Muslims are clean from dirt or small sins. I am very much pleased to watch the ending of this movie, in reality. Shakuntala Didi, who has been a widow for quite a long time, saves the little girl Chuiya from being forced into prostitution by the head of ashram, Madhumati. Didi passes Chuiya to Narayan and asks him to make sure that Chuiya is in Ghandiji’s care. It is a powerful moment that the film ends with Didi gazing directly at the camera. Through her haunting eyes, Didi makes a desperate plea that something needs to change. By saving Chuiya, I believe, one generation can be saved from the insignificant tradition. Chuiya is the youngest widow at the ashram and she is not supposed to spend her whole life at the ashram. Children at her age should be playing around, eating ice creams or asking parents of what life is. I am depressed to know the fact that Chuiya gets married at eight years old, the age that she knows nothing. Chuiya does not even remember when she gets married and surely, does not even understand what marriage is. How can she play her role as a wife? At least, Chuiya can make differences to other Indian widows when she is set free. She can tell how she really wants to return to her mother but she cannot. She also can tell how she adapts to dreary rhythms of her days at the ashram. I also believe that Deepa chooses to end this film as such is to nurture acceptance and appreciation among the Indian women. In an effort to make changes, there must be someone who dares to speak the truth. Similarly, Deepa desires to stop this stagnant tradition among Indian women by directing this movie. Though she receives great opposes from Indians until she has to set this film in Sri Lanka, her movie receives a worldwide attention and supports. I am also glad to watch a scene which Didi is speaking to the priest whether widows should be treated badly in the Holy Scriptures. In my point of view, Didi seeks the truth and starts thinking about widows’ fate. In the journey of seeking the truth, Didi starts accepting reality that widows also have rights. When she knows that there is a law is recently passed favouring widows to remarry, she straight away finds and sets Kalyani free from the ashram. She allows Kalyani to get married with Narayan even though Madhumati disagrees. Her thoughts and stance become more firm when she listens to Ghandhi’s saying that truth is god instead of God is truth. In conclusion, it is difficult to assimilate the Indian widows’ practice of living at ashram and not remarrying with other Indian men into our modern world. This is due to the ascending feminism and focus on the equality and human rights between men and women all over the world. Undeniably true, the practice still occurs up to the present day and is still regarded by some Hindus as the ultimate form of womanly devotion and sacrifice although it has been outlawed and illegal in today’s India. Cassandrah (2006) argued that if one really believes in equality, one should show compassion just as equally. Do not get fixated on the small picture. Why is this so? This is because the real issue here is about human dignity- not just women’s, but every single human being. As humans we need to treat each other better, regardless of race, gender, culture, spirituality or religion, age, social groups or intelligence. Equality does not necessarily mean equal in every aspect of life. Rather, it is about being treated and respect toward women. Watching this movie actually makes me thinking a lot, I question; are women to weak to stand up and fight for freedom and rights? I do not mean to say that women are powerful compared to men. Instead, I mean to tell that women and men are two-sided coins that complement each other. Again, if women are born to be oppressed and to prove that men are protected from such ill fated, I believe God is being unfair; and what Ghandi says is absolutely correct; truth is God not God is truth. REFERENCES

John Keats-ode to autumn Essay Example

John Keats-ode to autumn Paper This is the last poem Keats wrote and is an ode, which is a lyric poem addressed to a person or thing and deals with one main idea. The romantic poets like Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats used this form of poem a lot. The Romantics wrote of many things in their poems and believed their emotions and their imagination were very important. In this poem the main subject is autumn which Keats relates to love, death and immortality (Romantics were interested in these areas). He describes Autumns rich images and uses them as symbols for his own feelings. Keats uses a mature language to convey a Romantics view of Autumn and nature. In the first stanza we are straight away led into the idea of something which is warm, pleasant, smooth and full of richness autumn.. The word autumn is never used except in the title so we only know its autumn because of the way Keats paints us a picture with words. With words like mellow and fruitfulness being used. Keats then talks of the sun and how it ripens everything in a completed and full way, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core.. This shows how Keats believes autumn begins and summer ends, with the growth and ripeness of fruit and plants. He uses detailed, complex and innovative language to describe a maturing and full Autumn. For example, when talking about the ripening fruit of autumn And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core and To swell the gourd and plump the hazel shells. The use of those words swell and plumpin this context presents a very real picture. He shows use a summer leaving and a Autumn entering in abundance and an idea of love. The line .. later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease, shows how autumn can come slowly in with warm sun and late flowers such that the bees may think it is still summer. Maybe this all relates to Keats and shows he had reached the ripest point of his career. The second stanza is Autumn described in a very strong way and shows us very visual ideas. Keats in this stanza represents Autumn as a person or spirit using words such as seated, sleeping and watching which are all things one does. For example, in the lines Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find. We will write a custom essay sample on John Keats-ode to autumn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Keats-ode to autumn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Keats-ode to autumn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft-lifted Keats clearly shows autumn as a person, using the pronoun thee and words such as careless which can only apply to people. Another example is when he writes: Steady thy laden head across a brook; Or by a cider -press with patient look with the word patient clearly a human quality. This personification is very good at getting across the feeling of an autumn day the furrows are half-reaped there is a winnowing wind but it is not cold and bitter like winter because he writes they hair soft lifted by the winnowing wind. In this second stanza, he also shows what Autumn has and brings its characteristics and occupations. This stanza has a feeling of contentment and yet impermanence, the cider reaches its last oozings and the harvest is finishing while thy hook spares the next swath . Autumn reaches its peak but the peak is slowly fading. Talk of drugs to ease pain was mentioned Drowsed with the fume of poppies. This was linking with one of the Romantics pastimes but maybe also the pain-relief for Keats. He describes corn being hooked and cider being pressed. All of this stanza may again relate to Keats life as he knew of his illness and death was beginning to enter his thoughts. The last stanza is important and uses brilliant and poetic language with Keats showing his joy in words. Music is an important topic here with with Keats claiming that, like spring, autumn has its own music .. thou hast thy music too and he used words such as choir, sing, soft, treble and twitter. The gnats are a wailful choir; the hedge-crickets sing and now with treble soft, The redbreast whistles. But also there is a contrasting and somewhat overpowering topic of death and winter. This is portrayed in lines such as While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day, and Then in a wailful choir, the small gnats mourn telling us they are about to die. The stanza hints at eternal beauty present which Keats was interested in and searched for in the lines hedge crickets sing redbreast whistles gathering swallows twitter and full grown lambs bleat we are given a picture of life . I like his description of how the sinking sun touches the stubble-plains with rosy hue. The last five lines in the stanza stand out with sounds combining to give a low drone and feeling of time. The stanza gives a feeling of rising and falling in comparative ways as it leads into winter a cold and dark month. The swallows are gathering getting ready to leave for warmer countries and the clouds bloom the soft dying day . The winter relates to Keats as he was near death and Im sure he thought very deeply as he wrote the last stanza. The whole poem presents a different and very imaginative view of nature. The poem has a varied rhythm similar to a sonnet and it is very interesting how the poem is still full of richness even thought only one simile was used .. like a gleaner . This poem shows Keats as a Romantic and shows his skill at describing his life in terms of nature and at the same time bringing to life a picture of an English autumn. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Keats section.

TreeView With Check Boxes and Radio Buttons

TreeView With Check Boxes and Radio Buttons The  TTreeView  Delphi component (located on the Win32 component palette tab) represents a window that displays a hierarchical list of items, such as the headings in a document, the entries in an index, or the files and directories on a disk. Tree Node With Check Box or Radio Button? Delphis TTreeview doesnt natively support checkboxes but the underlying WC_TREEVIEW control does. You can add checkboxes to the treeview by overriding the CreateParams procedure of the TTreeView, specifying the TVS_CHECKBOXES style for the control. The result is that all nodes in the treeview will have checkboxes attached to them. In addition, the StateImages property cant be used anymore because the WC_TREEVIEW uses this imagelist internally to implement checkboxes. If you want to toggle the checkboxes, you will have to do that using SendMessage or the TreeView_SetItem / TreeView_GetItem macros from CommCtrl.pas. The WC_TREEVIEW only supports checkboxes, not radio buttons. The approach you are to discover in this article is a lot more flexible: you can have checkboxes and radio buttons mixed with other nodes any way you like without changing the TTreeview or create a new class from it to make this work. Also, you decide yourself what images to use for the checkboxes/radiobuttons simply by adding the proper images to the StateImages imagelist. Add a Check Box or Radio Button Contrary to what you might believe, this is quite simple to accomplish in Delphi. Here are the steps to make it work: Set up an image list (TImageList component on the Win32 component palette tab) for the TTreeview.StateImages property containing the images for the checked and unchecked state(s) for check boxes and/or radio buttons.Call the ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes procedure (see below) in the OnClick and OnKeyDown events of the treeview. ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes procedure alters the StateIndex of the selected node to reflect the current checked/unchecked state. To make your treeview even more professional, you should check where a node is clicked before toggling the stateimages: by only toggling the node when the actual image is clicked, your users can still select the node without changing its state. Additionally, if you dont want your users to expand/collapse the treeview, call the FullExpand procedure in the forms OnShow event and set AllowCollapse to false in the treeviews OnCollapsing event. Heres the implementation of the ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes procedure: procedure ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes( Node :TTreeNode; cUnChecked, cChecked, cRadioUnchecked, cRadioChecked :integer);var tmp:TTreeNode;beginif Assigned(Node) thenbeginif Node.StateIndex cUnChecked then Node.StateIndex : cChecked else if Node.StateIndex cChecked then Node.StateIndex : cUnChecked else if Node.StateIndex cRadioUnChecked thenbegin tmp : Node.Parent; if not Assigned(tmp) then tmp : TTreeView(Node.TreeView).Items.getFirstNode else tmp : tmp.getFirstChild; while Assigned(tmp) dobeginif (tmp.StateIndex in [cRadioUnChecked,cRadioChecked]) then tmp.StateIndex : cRadioUnChecked; tmp : tmp.getNextSibling; end; Node.StateIndex : cRadioChecked; end; // if StateIndex cRadioUnCheckedend; // if Assigned(Node)end; (*ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes*) As you can see from the code above, the procedure starts off by finding any checkbox nodes and just toggling them on or off. Next, if the node is an unchecked radio button, the procedure moves to the first node on the current level, sets all the nodes on that level to cRadioUnchecked (if they are cRadioUnChecked or cRadioChecked nodes) and finally toggles Node to cRadioChecked. Notice how any already checked radio buttons are ignored. Obviously, this is because an already checked radio button would be toggled to unchecked, leaving the nodes in an undefined state. Hardly what you would want most of the time. Heres how to make the code even more professional: in the OnClick event of the Treeview, write the following code to only toggle the checkboxes if the stateimage was clicked (the  cFlatUnCheck,cFlatChecked etc constants are defined elsewhere as indexes into the StateImages image list): procedure TForm1.TreeView1Click(Sender: TObject);var P:TPoint;begin GetCursorPos(P); P : TreeView1.ScreenToClient(P); if (htOnStateIcon in TreeView1.GetHitTestInfoAt(P.X,P.Y)) then ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes( TreeView1.Selected, cFlatUnCheck, cFlatChecked, cFlatRadioUnCheck, cFlatRadioChecked);end; (*TreeView1Click*) The code gets the current mouse position, converts to treeview coordinates and checks if the StateIcon was clicked by calling the GetHitTestInfoAt function. If it was, the toggling procedure is called. Mostly, you would expect the spacebar to toggle checkboxes or radio buttons, so heres how to write the TreeView OnKeyDown event using that standard: procedure TForm1.TreeView1KeyDown( Sender: TObject; var Key: Word; Shift: TShiftState);beginif (Key VK_SPACE) and Assigned(TreeView1.Selected) then ToggleTreeViewCheckBoxes( TreeView1.Selected, cFlatUnCheck, cFlatChecked, cFlatRadioUnCheck, cFlatRadioChecked);end; (*TreeView1KeyDown*) Finally, heres how the forms OnShow and the Treeviews OnChanging events could look like if you wanted to prevent collapsing of the treeviews nodes: procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin TreeView1.FullExpand;end; (*FormCreate*)procedure TForm1.TreeView1Collapsing( Sender: TObject; Node: TTreeNode; var AllowCollapse: Boolean);begin AllowCollapse : false;end; (*TreeView1Collapsing*) Finally, to check whether a node is checked you simply do the following comparison (in a Buttons OnClick event handler, for example): procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);var BoolResult:boolean; tn : TTreeNode;beginif Assigned(TreeView1.Selected) thenbegin tn : TreeView1.Selected; BoolResult : tn.StateIndex in [cFlatChecked,cFlatRadioChecked]; Memo1.Text : tn.Text #13#10 Selected: BoolToStr(BoolResult, True); end;end; (*Button1Click*) Although this type of coding cannot be regarded as mission-critical, it can give your applications a more professional and smoother look. Also, by using the checkboxes and radio  buttons judiciously, they can make your application easier to use. They sure will look good! This image below was taken from a test app using the code described in this article. As you can see, you can freely mix nodes having checkboxes or radio  buttons with those that have none, although you shouldnt mix empty nodes with checkbox nodes (take a look at the radio buttons in the image) as this makes it very hard to see what nodes are related.

Developmental psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Developmental psychology - Essay Example This viewpoint leaves no room for the nature part of the debate because if the mind is blank at birth, this means that there has been no role of genetics or heredity. According to him, it is only the nurture that shapes and stimulates the mind because at the time of our birth, we do not own any already developed personality traits. This points to the fact that a child can be made to develop any kind of personality through nurture which includes his social interactions, surroundings, experiences, cultural aspects, religion, and etcetera. Hence, according to Locke, a child’s mind depends upon the society for its formulation. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s views on nature versus nurture debate The French philosopher, Rousseau, believed that the nature is responsible for the development of behavioral characteristics of an individual and contrary to what Locke’s believed, Rousseau stated that human mind is somewhat developed when a child is born and it does show behavior tha t the child has inherited from its parents (Crain). That means genes are responsible for the makeup of the human mind. Rousseau believed that no one of us knows what our nature wants us to become. We are helpless because whatever our nature, inherited to us through biological factors, has intended for us will come our way.

Play and pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Play and pedagogy - Essay Example It is this ability to play such games that such children are able to become great men and women in future. Some of the games for instance prepare great mathematicians in future. They assist such children to develop mentally in terms of the ability to perform some simple arithmetic. Apart from the metal development, games have also played a major role for the social, physical and emotional development in children. In the former category for instance, the children are able to interact with each other developing communication skills. Children who at first may appear shy are able to show confidence after they have interacted in most of these games. In addition to that, games have been imperative in ensuring that children display their different talents and gifts. It is difficult to know the talents that children have unless they are engaged in this kind of activities. To understand the role of play in children, I visited a certain kindergarten and made observation of how the children wer e responding. The following is a record of the observation that I made. The class setting Recently I visited a certain kindergarten with a view of establishing the role of play and pedagogy in children’s development. The kindergarten had one main teacher and three assistants. They had to work together for the purpose of ensuring that each child received maximum attention. The classroom setting provided an environment that fostered mental development of the children. The walls were full of the pictures that the children had drawn in including the alphabets. Each of the letters also had words and pictures drawn against them. This was for the purpose of enabling the children learn easily. For instance, a letter ‘G’ would have a picture of a guitar or a girl. This form of learning enabled the children understand better. The setting of the classroom was also in a way that it could make it easy for children to play. For instance, there was a huge empty area, which was left for the purpose of play. In the cupboard that was used to store all the toys and other materials used by the children for playing. In addition to that, there was tables and chairs that were arranged in a carefully manner to ensure that children were safe. This is in accordance with rules and regulations that demand that safety has to be ensured for such children. It is imperative that they are protected against any physical harm, by creating a harmless environment. The children The class composed of children from different social, economic and cultural backgrounds. The teachers made sure that the needs of each child were met. In addition to that, there were children with physical challenges who also benefited from the class setting that facilitated their learning and movement. The class therefore made it possible for inclusion to take place. The age of the children ranged between 3-5 years. They interacted well and each of them seemed to enjoy what was going on. The morning ses sion activities According to the teacher, all mornings began by ensuring that children sung. However, the types of songs and stories told depended on the themes that the teacher wanted to pass to the children. In this particular class, I was keenly following the response of two main children; in a view to find out how play enabled them develop mentally and emotionally. The two children were Natalie and John. They were both three years old and very jovial. When the teacher entered the classroom, it was mandatory for all the

Study Abroad Benefits Essay Example for Free

Study Abroad Benefits Essay The opportunity to study abroad during my college years would be a great experience. I believe studying overseas is an important, perhaps even necessary, event during college. There are many benefits to studying in another country, which include gaining a broader global perspective and learning about different cultures, religions and people. Knowledge gained from books and studying is important, but experiencing the world for oneself and learning outside the classroom is just as important. I believe that studying abroad would allow me to have a more comprehensive education, as I would learn so much more than I could gain from books. According to an article from the School of International Training, there are many benefits to studying abroad. One benefit is that you can gain new perspective on the world. You are able to learn through a cultural and academic experience from the inside out. It allows you to explore issues related to globalization, development, poverty, and social inequity from many different perspectives. When a student returns to the US, they will almost always see things differently: They can put themselves in someone else’s shoes more easily and have a better understanding of the world. Another benefit pointed out by SIT is increased language skills. Programs typically offer language study at the intermediate and advanced levels and beginning instruction in a less commonly taught language spoken by the local community. Often, courses will incorporate formal classroom instruction, discussion, and field exercises designed to enhance student engagement and improve oral and written competence. By using language skills in daily life, students can discover that they not only can survive but flourish in another country. According to UNT-International, studying abroad can improve your academic, professional and financial potential. International experience is a critical and very impressive part of any resume. In addition to the personal growth youll undergo while overseas, the international and cross-cultural interpersonal skills that students develop can expand their employment opportunities and income potential. Globally-minded employees are in high demand. Many companies seek out individuals with multi-lingual and multi-cultural experience and skills. Even more, while studying abroad, students can also take advantage of internships for an international work experience that is highly valued among U.S. employers. Students who undergo this will be able to, with their newly acquired skills, strengthen their resume in Americas increasingly ethnically and culturally diverse workforce. Finally, students typically make great gains in personal confidence and gain valuable insights into their own culture.

Dangers of Suicide Websites Essay -- essays research papers

Suicide Made Easy The thought of suicide can enter the mind of anyone in any age group. For those who come across a suicide website, the information given can make suicide turn from a fleeting thought to an action. On Thursday, October 10, 2007 Kazunari Saito, a 33-year-old electrician, was arrested for the murder of Sayaka Nishizawa, a 21-year-old woman. Saito was the host of a suicide web site where he provided his viewers with ways to commit suicide, this is where he and Nishizawa first came in contact. Nishizawa reportedly paid Saito $1,700 to help her to kill herself. On the night of April 12, 2007 Saito gave Nishizawa 20 to 30 sleeping pills and then suffocated her to ?finish the job?. (Austin Modine, 2007) Above are the statistics taken from 2004 showing the differences in age, race, and sex. The rate, number that year, and average suicide per day are represented here. (American Association of Suicidology, 2004) A rarely known or acknowledged fact is that not only children and teenagers are suicidal. The major difference between suicide attempts among elders and youth is that elder suicide attempts are more commonly successful (Reference Services Review, 2003, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p175-184, 10p). The American Association of Suicidology states that in 2004, 32,439 people died from suicide attempts. This means that someone commits suicide every 16.2 minutes. Of this total, every 1 hour and 41.4 minutes an elderly person commits suicide, compared to every 2 hours and 2.1 minutes that a young person commits suicide. These are not the only two categories in which suicide falls, of the 32, 439 suicides in 2004, 22, 925 were committed by adults between the ages of 25 and 64 (Section 1,2, and 3, 2005) For many, a sui... ...nce Source Review Volume: 31 Issue: 2 Page: 175 ? 184. Retrieved February 15, 2008 from University of Phoenix Library Lewis, Penny (2001) Rights Discourse and Assisted Suicide. American Journal of Law and Medicine. Vol. 27 Issue 1. Retrieved February 15, 2008 from University of Phoenix Library. Megan Meier Suicide (2006) Retrieved March 8, 2008 from hitsusa.com/blog/317/megan-meier- suicide/ Sinderbrand, Rebecca (June 20, 2003) Point, Click, Die. Newsweek Vol. 141 Issue 28. Retrieved February 15, 2008 from University of Phoenix Library Stone, Geo (2007) Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from http://www.suicidemethods.net/ TOKUS's Handy Four-Pillar Practice Archive (2004). A Practical Guide to Suicide. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http://www.satanservice.org/tokus/suicide/ guide/#I.D

Teacher Assistant -Development Of The Child

Summarise the main development of a child from age range 0-2years, 3-5years and 5-8 years. Physical development of children varies within very wide limits, depending on the weight and size at the birth, nutrition and health, but also the genetic heritage (parents or grandparents size).Physical development0-2 yearsWhen a baby is born, for first three months he lie on their back, but is able to make basic distinction in vision, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching. Many people think babies are helpless, but they are born with the ability to do few things: they can recognize their mum’s voice and smell, they are able to cry and let everyone know when they need help. Babies are born with many reflexes which are actions that they perform without thinking. Around three months baby will start lifting his head and will be able to kick.As time goes, the baby will be able to grasp objects and try to put that in their mouth. Mobility usually comes at the ages of nine to twelve months. Th ey will be able to crawl and some might be able to sit and walk unaided. They can hold and throw toys. At the age of one most babies can climb up the stairs (with adult help). Children at two years age are very mobile. They will be able to throw and kick a ball but may not be very confident to catch it.3-5 yearsChildren of three years age will be able to walk, run and jump from low heights. By three a child will have learnt most methods of movement, they will be able to walk backwards and sideways, and may even jump from low heights, they should also be able to ride a tricycle. When a child is four years old they can catch, throw and kick a ball with full confidence. They are able to walk in a straight line. At four they should be able to catch, throw, kick and bounce balls and should also be confident with balance. By the time a child reaches their fifth birthday, changes in physical development are much rapid .Usually by five they moves freely and with pleasure and confidence in a range of ways, such as rolling, crawling,  walking, running, skipping, sliding and hopping.5-8yearsAt age of 5-8 the child has lots of energy, plus the balance and coordination for lots of activities, including swimming, riding a bike, skipping and playing with a ball. Their balance and agility will have increased enormously by this age.Intellectual Development0-2 yearsFrom birth children begin to learn how to use their senses to explore the world around them. Within the early months a child will make eye contact and be able to turn their head to the smell of their mother breasts. At age of three months babies smile back when they see a smiling face. By six months babies have learnt many skills, they are very alert and turn their heads to see what is happening. They enjoy playing, they can now reach out and grab a toy and over it from one hand to another. By two years old, children are very much showing their individuality. They know what they want to do, touch and hold. They enj oy singing and dancing to music, pointing to picture of familiar objects and naming them.3-5 yearsAt age three their concentration grows and they are able to control pencils and paintbrushes, at four years old their memory will develop quickly, and should be able to build things with small blocks. They respond well to adult praise and recognition. Children ask questions and enjoy talking. Around the age of five a child should be able to count confidently and recognize letters and most children have begun in formal education.5-8 yearsBetween the age six and eight years the child’s reading and mathematics skills will have develop a lot and they will be able to read and write independently.Language Development 0-2 yearsFrom birth to three months they are crying and cooing and they can recognise and respond to sounds. At three –six months they star imitate the sounds that they recognize. At age one children can are beginning to talk and can say â€Å"mama† and †Å"dada†. At age of two children start to talk and enjoy talking.3-5 yearsBetween the age of three and five they would be able to learn songs and rhymes .They will enjoy listening to stories. At age of five they will become very confident speaker.5-8 yearsAt this age children are able to describe things accurately and they will use a much wider vocabulary and of words.Emotional Developent0-2 yearsBabies start to smile and to recognize the face and voice of their mother or carer. They start being aware about the people that they don’t know and they enjoy being secure . from one to two they will become aware of the moods of those around them.3-5 yearsAt this stage the children can communicate what they are feeling. At the age of five they can control their own emotions.5-8 yearsAt this stage the child starts to feel sensitive about who other children feel about him. They may compare themselves to their friends and peers (â€Å"He is better at drawing than I am† or à ¢â‚¬Å"She is a better soccer player†). They will experience a variety of mood changes as they grow in years and develop.Social Development0-2 yearsFrom birth till age of nine months the babies are very sociable, from nine to twelve months they will discover who to play alone and they will not be as dependent on others for their entertainment. Between one and two years old they become more confident and independent3-5 yearsChildren enjoy making friends and sociailsing. They enjoy being with others and they can choose what is good and wrong and understand the importance of sharing and tacking turns.5-8 yearsAt the age of six some children become less sociable and some prefer to have one special friend. They start having their social circle where they find themselves comfortable. Analyse key social, economic and environmental factors, which may influence development There are many factors that influence child development, and for most of them, we do have some control.Every child deserves the opportunity to blossom. Love is very important when we speak about the social development. When the child feels the love and affection from his carer or parent he can make friends and progress well in development and he is happy emotionally. When the love is missing you can observe sad children, neglected, isolated, unfriendly, upset There are socio-economic trends that can influence child development. It is true that poorer families are at a disadvantage when it comes to providing the richest environment for a child to grow. Many families must rely on public education that may not be the best in their area. It is very difficult for poor families when a child needs special services to aid development.A child will benefit more when a parent work part time and spend more quality time with the child, but in some situation this is not possible. A loving caring environment can benefit more than having a lots of money, although the child may not have expensive items, but he w ill benefit by been happy and loved. Children living in poverty may also have poor nutrition, limiting their ability to reach their potential. Environmental influences on child development, as opposed to genetic influences which are not in our power. The world around us has a major part in shaping the child. A child's environment – for example, his family or school – plays a huge part in his development. Simply stated, a nurtured child will do better than a deprived child.That may seem like common sense, but you may not realize the little things that make a difference. Some assume that a rich privileged child will automatically thrive more than a child living in poverty. That is not always the case. An environmental factor which can also affect the children be when the family is moving house. This aspect affect the child who is losing the current friends and school and the child can be anxious and withdrawn. Losing their friends can be as traumatic as losing a favorite toy. Describe children’s overall development needsA child development is split into main parts physical, intellectual, social/emotional, language. All children need stability, good home, encouragement from parents, the correct nutrition in order for them to grow and develop well. Love is very important for their emotional and physical development. Children also need stability with their homes, parents, friends.They can be seriously affected if a divorce occurs between their  parents. In order to grow they need to benefit by a good dietary and nutrition habits. Lots of vegetables and fruits are recommended. Exercises, sports are also good for their physical development. The fresh air, a walk in the park or somewhere to explore and learn more about the environment.

Computer law and privacy at work - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3524 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Computer Essay Inflation Essay Did you like this example? Report to Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ausecours Board 31st May 2006 Re: Acquisition of Security Control Issues and Recommendations 1) Confidential Information Given the that the greatest value of SC lies in the ability of its employees to innovate and the quality and commercial potential of the resultant product, it is disturbing to learn that none of the employees is currently bound by any form of confidentiality clause in their contract and they have received no training or even informal guidance in the correct handling of confidential information. It is, of course counterproductive to develop a culture of obsessive secrecy such as that which results in the security classification of Ministry of Defence canteen menus but a workable definition should be developed without delay. It is suggested that this accord with the criteria expounded by Megarry V-C in Thomas Marshall (Exports) Ltd v Guinlƒ ©[1] including the test of whether the employer re asonably believes that the release of information will be injurious to him or advantageous to his rivals and whether it is reasonable to believe that the information is not already public. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Computer law and privacy at work" essay for you Create order The information will of course have to be judged in accordance with the usage and practices of our industry. In respect of the existing unregulated situation, in the event of unwanted disclosure of confidential information prior to the introduction of revised contracts of employment, it may be possible to rely upon Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler[2] in which employees similarly had no restrictive covenant in their contract of employment. The employer argued that they were nonetheless bound by an implied duty of confidentiality. Although the decision of Goulding J at first instance was unsatisfactory from our point of view, the criteria stipulated by the Court of Appeal in order for such a duty to apply may be of assistance: The nature of the employment; The nature of the information (this can be protected if it may be classed as a trade secret or was material which was in all the circumstances of such a highly confidential nature that it should be so treated; Whether the employer has impressed upon the employee the confidentiality of such information; and Whether the information can be freely isolated from other information which the employee is free to use or disclose. In respect of the third of these (impressing the nature of the information upon the employee) this may be the subject of immediate practical action. Once employees have been so informed, the implied duty should begin to apply notwithstanding the lack of express restrictive covenants in their contracts. The criminal law is unlikely to assist in this regard in its present form. An attempt in Scotland in Grant v Allen[3] to prosecute an employee who allegedly dishonestly took a quantity of computer printouts from a firm of carriers failed with the court commenting that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to make a declaratory finding that it is a crime dishonestly to exploit confidential information belonging to another would have far reaching consequences in this technological ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; it was suggested that this was a matter for legislation. However, the English Law Commission in its Working Paper on Conspiracy to Defraud[4] similarly eschewed the opportunity to make the abuse of confident ial information the subject of criminal proceedings unless perhaps in circumstances in which a conspiracy had been formed with the intent to deprive a person of confidential information to their financial prejudice. Accordingly it is recommended that a programme of training be urgently implemented to make employees of SC aware of what constitutes confidential information and stresses that they are already bound by an implied duty of confidentiality. In parallel with this, Human Resources should attend without delay to the revision and reissue of the necessary contracts of employment. In the instance of short-term instances of potential abuse which may prove damaging such as employees disgruntled by the take over seeking to leave and use SC information to establish their own ventures, consideration might be given to the issuing of applications where appropriate for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“springboard injunctionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as in Roger Bullivant Ltd v Ellis[5]. These of course will be strictly limited in time but should at least cover the period in which the ex-employee is seeking to gain a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“head startà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by the use of such information. 2) Pornography At present, employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contracts do not forbid personal use of the internet. As a preliminary point, it is suggested that this is reviewed. Quite apart from the specific difficulties to which such use may give rise such as, for example, in the case of the circulation of pornography discussed below, the accessing of websites and the use of the internet during working hours for the sending and receiving of personal e-mails is becoming a contentious issue in every workplace. What may be regarded as a harmless à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“perkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is capable of escalating to the extent that much productive working time is lost placing the employee in breach of their duty of fidelity and resulting in great impairment to the efficiency of the organisation. Happily, it appear s that at present this use is restricted to the accessing of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“adultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  websites and there have, as yet, been no complaints from other employees about the distribution of such material. Nonetheless, it is submitted that this is a practice which should be discouraged. Although internet pornography is a relatively new phenomenon, it is still within the ambit of the Obscene Publications Act 1959. This provides that an article is obscene and thus its distribution is liable to criminal prosecution where it has a tendency to deprave or corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all the relevant circumstances, to come into contact with it. The fact that this rather antiquated piece of legislation which could never have foreseen current technological developments should still be taken seriously can be observed from R v Perrin[6] in which the appellant had been convicted of publishing an obscene article, namely a web page which contained images of coprophilia and fellatio. This was accessed by a police officer. The conviction was challenged under Article 10(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights on the ground that it breached the right of freedom of expression. However, the Court of Appeal held that Article 10(2) allows derogation from the right of freedom of expression where this is necessary in a democratic society for the prevention of disorder or crime or the protection of morals. The Court of Appeal took the opportunity to refine and update the applicable test: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First, whether any person or persons were likely to see the article, and if so, whether the effect of the article, taken as a whole, was such as to tend to deprave and corrupt the person or persons who were likely, having regard to all the relevant circumstances, to see the matter contained or embodied on it.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A discussion of this subject is always likely to give rise to a certain amount of juvenile mirth. It may be suggested, for ex ample, in the light of the comments circulated about my understanding of motor car brands (the subject of a further brief below) that the employees of SC are already beyond the risk of being depraved and corrupted the damage already apparently having been done. However, it is recommended that this issue be taken seriously. In particular, regard should be had to the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 which makes it an offence to pursue a course of conduct designed to cause alarm and distress to another. While, for example, it may be considered amusing to send graphic sexual images to young female employees or, more probably, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ladies of a certain ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in the Accounts Department, if this were to reach a certain level of intensity, it could form the basis of criminal prosecution. More immediately, such conduct could be presented as sexual harassment (which can also be directed against same-sex colleagues and transsexuals: Chessington World of Adventures v Reed[7]) which could give rise to a liability on the part of the employer if the conduct was known of and not acted upon or there was found to be insufficient supervision in place to guard against such conduct. This, in itself, could expose the company to proceedings in the Employment Tribunal. These might become particularly serious if an employee were driven to the point of leaving and then claiming constructive dismissal. It is strongly recommended therefore that guidelines regulating the use of the internet in general and the accessing of pornography in particular be immediately promulgated with it being made clear that any breach will be considered a disciplinary offence. 3) Defamation I am quite confident in my ability to distinguish rusting heaps of Scandinavian metal from the more intimate aspects of the female anatomy and I make it clear therefore that I do not propose on this occasion to take any action in respect of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hilariousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  e- mail circulated on the subject. However, the existence of an office culture in which the circulation of such material is considered not only permissible but potentially amusing gives cause for concern. The law of defamation is quite clear. A defamatory statement is one which injures the reputation of another by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule or which tends to lower him in the esteem of right thinking members of society (Parmiter v Coupland Another[8]). Employees should be advised that while the common perception of libel is limited to statements published about celebrities in tabloid newspapers, it is just as capable of applying in the workplace. The important issue in this context is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“publicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Once again, while this would seem to be a concept applicable only to the Press, a salutary lesson can be learned from Riddick v Thames Board Mills[9]. This concerned an internal memo following the dismissal of two employees. It was based on the report of two other employees which was found to be inaccurate and malicious. This report formed the basis of a memo which a manger dictated to his secretary and then sent to another manager who read it and filed it away. Although Lord Denning dissented in the Court of Appeal on the basis that this was a document which was only produced during discovery and ought therefore to be regarded as privileged, Stephenson and Waller LJJ disagreed and held that communications between employees, often involving communication with secretaries, had for a long time been treated as publications. (This principle is one which may well surprise many of our managers and it is worth observing in passing that an element of guidance and training at this level may be appropriate it will be noted that I have taken care elsewhere to describe the present standard of record keeping as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inconsistentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  when more choice language may have sprung to mind!) However, this being so, thes e strictures must apply with still greater force to intra-office e-mails. Quite apart from any issues which arise in respect of the conduct of individual employees in this regard (I repeat my comments in Brief 2 in respect of an employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability for harassment and discrimination and potential remedies under employment law), I am concerned about certain developments in respect of the law of libel as applied to electronic communication. In Godfrey v Demon Internet[10], it was held that Internet Service Providers (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ISPsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) can be held liable for the publication of defamatory material if they store such material on their servers where it is accessible to customers. The argument that they were simply the holders of an electronic device through which information was transmitted was rejected. Although I have not been able to locate any authority exactly on point as yet, I am concerned lest it might be possible to apply this principle to our company on the basis that we might in certain circumstances be seen to be publishing such libels by allowing them to be accessible on our systems. I recognise that this would not apply in the case of personal or group e-mails since we cannot be responsible for their content and are not making them generally available but open for a such as departmental message boards and discussion groups might not be able to escape liability in the same way. Of course, there is now a statutory defence available under section 1 of the Defamation Act 1996 provided it is possible to show that an administrator of an electronic network of this type took all reasonable care in relation to the publication of the statement and did not know (nor could have known) that what they did contributed to the publication of the statement. Obviously, such a defence will be negated if we continue to maintain systems without supervision upon which it is possible to post such material particularly having regard to the f act that even at this stage of acquisition we have become aware of an apparent propensity on the part of certain employees to circulate material of this type. In any event, ongoing monitoring and regulation will be required. The statutory defence failed in Demon Internet because it was shown that the ISP had had the relevant material drawn to its attention and had not taken steps to remove it for some two weeks. 4) Data Protection It is disturbing to note that SC is the subject of a number of complaints to the Data Protection Commissioner. (This issue also impinges upon the area of record keeping discussed at the presentation). A review of systems is therefore imperative. The Data Protection Directive[11] prescribes five principles relating to data quality. It must be: Processed fairly and lawfully; Collected for specific, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a way incompatible with those purposes; Adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they are collected and/or further processed; Accurate, up to date and complete; where this is not so the data must be erased or rectified; Kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed. These principles are largely replicated (albeit numbered at eight) in the Data Protection Act 1998. I am concerned at certain aspects of the current SC approach to data. For example, there is much in the current recruitment and ongoing employment of staff that is, to put it mildly, irregular. Where data is collected from a subject as in our current recruitment process, Schedule 1, Part 2, para.3 of the 1998 Act requires that the subject must be supplied with: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any further information tat is necessary, having regard to the specific circumstances in which the data are or are to be processed, to enable processing in respect of the data subject to be fair.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This means that prospective employees should be informed whether providing answers to any questions is voluntary or compulsory and as to the possible consequences of a failure to reply. At present, there is no distinction on the application forms between the questions in relation to previous criminal convictions (and no reference to the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974) and the other questions which are asked about ethnicity (to which the subject is not required to reply) and which, it must be made clear, are for equality and diversity monitoring purposes only. The existing question relating to sexual orientation is wholly unacceptable under the terms of the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003[12]. The present approach to storage of data is entirely haphazard. The most cursory review of the HR Department files reveals personal files which relate to employers who left SC many years ago (while the retention of such information for a period of time for purposes such as the supply of references is legitimate, some of these files are now so antiquated that it might be doubted that the subject is still living). In any event, it is clear that even the information in respect of current employees has not been kept updated. There is therefore a breach of the obligations imposed by the Directive and the Act either to update such information where appropriate or to erase it. Of greatest concern is the issue of data security. The seventh data protection principle contained in the 1998 Act requires that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The practical position in this regard at present is appalling. None of the computer systems in Payroll is password protected. A recent visit to the coffee bar revealed employees leafing through HR Department files which have been left in there in an unlocked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“overspillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  filing cabinet. I recommend the immediate appointment of a data controller to review as his/her first priority, the security of all computer and manual systems and implement adequate training and supervision to ensure the competence and reliability of all staff having access to personal data. 5) Disciplinary Procedures Finally, I am asked to identify another issue which will impinge upon the take over of SC. While there is so much to choose from (!), I am concerned to note that in common with the current raft of complaints to the Data Protection Commissioner, the HR Department appears to be awash with Forms ET1 commencing proceedings against SC in the Employment Tribunal. A review of these applications demonstrates that a great many problems stem from the currently cavalier approach of Managers to the disciplining of members of their department. There exists a macho and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“laddishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  culture that would be unacceptable on a building site still less in a high-tech company. For example, following a recent dispute over the way in which a software design task was to be carried out in the IT Department, the Manager was heard to say to an employe e, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“You do it my way or you can f*** off!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . When the unwanted method of work was repeated, the employee was summoned to the Managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office and told, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve told you once you pusillanimous little w*****, now sling your hook!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The employee was escorted from the premises by security. Following receipt of the ET1 alleging unfair dismissal, the Manager was interviewed by the HR Department and indignantly claimed that he had administered a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“verbal warningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and was therefore entitled to sack the employee à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“on the spotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is disastrous. First, it should be obvious to even the most insensitive of managers that the ability summarily to dismiss an employee is restricted to instances of gross misconduct. A useful test is contained in Laws v London Chronicle (Indicator Newspapers) Ltd[13] in which it was formulated as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦whether the conduct complained of is such as to show the servant to have disregarded the essential conditions of the contract of serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Therefore, while instances such as fighting or theft might warrant dismissal without notice, a dispute over the approach to a computer project can hardly be said to fall into this category. In any event, even if there had been a dismissal with notice, it would probably have been regarded as unfair on the merits but, more particularly for the purpose of the internal organisation of the company, it would have been held to have been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“automatically unfairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by virtue of the Employment Act 2002 which introduced the new s.98A(1) into the Employment Rights Act 1996 and requires adherence to the procedures laid down by the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004[14]. As a matter of the greatest urgency all managers should be made aware that there is now a statutory procedure t o be followed in all instances where the disciplining or dismissal of an employee is contemplated. The employee should be informed of the allegation against him and given an opportunity to consider it before attending a meeting (at which he has the right to be accompanied by a work colleague or Trade Union representative) at which the allegation is investigated and a decision reached. Thereafter, there is still a right of appeal to be exhausted before a dismissal can be confirmed. This is known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Standard Procedureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Even in instances of gross misconduct requiring immediate dismissal and removal from the premises, there is a Modified Procedure to be followed. In the event of a claim of unfair dismissal where these procedures are not followed, the dismissal will be deemed automatically unfair even if it could have been justified on other grounds. Worse still, the Tribunal is then obliged to increase the appropriate award by 10% and may where it co nsiders it appropriate to do so increase it further up to an overall maximum of 50%. I recommend therefore that the HR Department is overhauled to ensure that they are fully conversant with these requirements and managers instructed to consult and involve them before taking any action relating to matters of discipline. Bibliography Bainbridge, D., Introduction to Computer Law, (5th Ed., 2004) Bowers, J., A Practical Approach to Employment Law (7th Ed., 2005) Deakin, S., Johnston, A. Markesinis, B., Markesinis and Deakinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Tort Law (5th Ed., 2003) Lloyd, I., Information and Technology Law (4th Ed., 2004) Westlaw www.opsi.gov.uk Footnotes [1] [1978] ICR 905 [2] [1986] IRLR 69 [3] 1987 SCRR 402 [4] Law Com No.104 (1987), paras.10.45-10.46 [5] [1987] IRLR 491 [6] [2002] EWCA Crim 747 [7] [1998] ICR 97 [8] (1840) 6 MW 105 [9] [1977] QB 881 [10] [1999] 4 All ER 342 [11] Directive 95/46/EC, Art.6 [12] SI 2003/1661 [13] [1959] 1 WLR 698 [14] SI 2004/752